The Motel in America

Posted on November 22, 2016 by smellincoffee

The Motel in America
© 1996 Jefferson S. Rogers, John A Jakle, and Keith A. Sculle
408 pages

At some point in high school I pulled out a dictionary to find out what, exactly, was the difference between a motel and a hotel. They seemed much the same to me: “A place to sleep when traveling”.  A motel, the dictionary informed me, was typified by guests’ easy access to their cars.  It was cars that built motels, or rather motorists: The Motel in America is a history of how the first “auto camps” came into being, in a fairly organic fashion, which follows their maturation from mom and pop shops to national franchises. Also included are special sections on the evolution of the motel room, and a case study of motels and their impact on urban form, using Albuquerque as a case-study.  It’s thus a mix of topics with some popular appeal (social history) interspersed with more academic sections, like the comparative brand distribution of various chains.

The story of motels begins decades before the auto-oriented boom of the 1950s,   Americans began touring by car almost as soon as there were roads fit to drive on — sometimes before —  but downtown hotels didn’t lend themselves towards motoring hospitality. They were enmeshed in an urban fabric, after all;  their travelers disembarked from downtown passenger rail stations and got where they needed via trolley or on foot. That ‘urban fabric’ meant a lot of buildings in a small space, with precious  little to spare for parked automobiles. So people began improvising and camping out on the outskirts, and through the magic of free enterprise, a new business was created to cater to them. One woman who allowed travelers to camp in a grassy area near her gas station put up small cottages for rent — followed by more cottages, until the cabin rentals were better earners than the gasoline. ‘Campgrounds’, initially roped-off areas created by cities to keep motor-gypsies from running amok,  attracted food-and-service vendors and quickly became a commercial form in their own right. The first ‘motels’ were essentially campgrounds with little cottages or cabins that motorists rented for the night; the owner-operators, typically a family, often served meals on the premises. Kentucky Fried Chicken actually began its life as the lunch option of the Sanders Motor Court.

 These auto camps, motor courts, or ‘motels’ flourished in the Great Depression even as the downtown hotels struggled under the burden of the economy and urban reformers out to destroy them. World War 2 put expansion on pause, but after that — and especially given the free range of the in-progress interstate system —  the business quickly grew into the network of massive chains  that now fill the continent.  The strings of cabins largely gave way to more space-efficient barracks, though they were organized around pools and prettied up in pastel.While the loss of mom and pop shops can easily be mourned, the chains came into being largely because it was more beneficial for motels to exist as part of a network. That network could be built from the ground up (in the manner of Best Western) or organized from the top down, if  one motel was owned by an especially ambitious and savvy man as in the case of the Alamo line.  Networks of motels could refer travelers along a route to one another,  present a united front against other motels by maintaining uniform standards, and lower their prices through bulk purchases.(They might even purchase the same ‘room sets’, as furnishings were standardized.)  The authors also cover the franchise approach, used as effectively in motels as in fast food restaurants.

The Motel in America proved itself an interesting little bit of history, demonstrating another facet of the genuinely revolutionary impact automobiles have had on American urbanism. The case study of Albuquerque — a city which was known primarily as a train layover until it began expanding rapidly through Route 66 and the interstates, with gobs and gobs of motels to service them — was a welcome surprise.

Related:

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When It Was Worth Playing For

Posted on November 20, 2016 by smellincoffee

When it was Worth Playing For: My Experiences Writing About the TV Show, ‘Survivor’
© 2015 Mario Lanza
466 pages

THIRTY-NINE DAYS, SIXTEEN PEOPLE, ONE SURVIVOR!

Once upon a time, there was a show called Survivor, which promised to chuck sixteen Americans on an island and give $1,000,000  to the last man or woman standing.  Or so Mario Lanza thought. Turns out the show was more like high school meets the World’s Worst Camping Trip (with narration!), but it still fascinated people from a psychological point of view.   After all, CBS was going to  be encouraging sociopathy on live television. Who wouldn’t want to watch it? (They tune into elections every four years, don’t they?) Sure enough, its finale would be one of the most-watched shows in television history, rivaling those of sitcoms which had cultivated audiences over a span of decades. Mario Lanza was watching Survivor from the beginning, and found it so interesting he had to write about it, eventually being partner in a site that featured a Survivor contestant as a writer. In When the Game Was Worth Playing, Lanza reviews the first three series — the ‘pure’ ones — highlighting the most extraordinary moments as the game evolved.  Those ‘moments’ aren’t just ones witnessed onscreen, as central to Lanza’s writing is the fan experience, the gossiping and spoilers — and he also includes a few tales from the production side, having interviewed several contestants.

What Lanza quickly realized about Survivor, especially during season two, was that it wasn’t so much a story as a confluence of them —  at least seventeen, those of the contestants and those of the producers.  Survivor is not reality television, Lanza says by way of the producers, but ‘unscripted drama’: the show’s producers create storylines out of the contestants’  camera footage. More than one villain has been created solely through judicious editing.  This is always done in the name of better television, of course,  creating drama to stave off boredom. (Or creating the pretense of drama, as with the constant previews that the dominating Tagi alliance was fracturing, or that Kucha in Australia were on the verge of an epic comeback.)   Lanza comments at length on moments when the game changed — the ambush of Gretchen demonstrating that this was a game of  ruthless politics, where those outside the power alliance were doomed regardless of their survival skills or personableness.   But Lanza’s theme is the fan experience, and he contends that the second season can’t be appreciated without the first — for there the players were attempting to differentiate themselves from the original contestants.  Derided as merely the “new” incarnations of favorite characters — Mad Dog as the new Rudy,   Elisabeth as the new Colleen —  and unhappy with the Machiavellian triumph of the Tagi alliance — Colby, Tina, and others tried to make it to the end with their honor intact.     I didn’t begin watching Survivor until Thailand,  and so especially enjoyed this glimpse into the speculative life of the fans in the first few seasons of the game, constantly teased as they were by the producers’ tricks. (A graphic of the ‘final four’ was released that proved to have nothing to do with the actual final four)  Also of interest is Lanzo’s speculation as to how the third season altered every Survivor which followed. It introduced twists, which the producers use to squelch power-alliances from running amok, and led to a return to more predictable island settings that didn’t actually jeopardize contestants’ lives. According to Lanza, one Australia player — not just Mike Fall in a Fire Skupin — was airlifted out for malnutrition.

While I haven’t watched Survivor since the days of Guatemela and Fiji, I knew from the moment I saw this book that I’d enjoy it. I discovered Lanza’s writing years ago, via his Survivor Funny 115, and have revisited that list of Survivor’s 115 funniest moments several times since. Not only that, but I have DVD copies of Borneo and Australia and have watched them both….several times. I know who wins each and every challenge, but I still like to watch them for the sheer goofiness.  How can you beat Greg Buis bursting into “Who Knows?” from West Side Story, or running around the beach after discovering a  bloody chicken corpse, demanding to know who counted the chicken before it hatched?    I’m therefore an utterly biased audience, one who stayed up until 2 am to finish the book and didn’t even care so much about the time. Definitely a fun one for Survivor fans.

Psst, in joke:  the first sentence of my review for Lord of the Flies was taken straight from Jeff Probst’s intro Survivor Borneo, with a little adaption.

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The Road Taken

Posted on November 16, 2016 by smellincoffee

The Road Taken: The History and Future of America’s Infrastructure
336 pages
© 2016 Henry Petroski

What, exactly, is The Road Taken?   Its title declares it a history, which is mostly true. It does have a bounty of historic sketches on the creation of paved roads and interstates in the United States, along with material on the evolution of traffic lights, curbs, and sidewalks. But there are loving tributes to bridges in New York and San Francisco here, with much chatter about cantilever versus suspension. There’s even a chapter or two with a focus on finance, which is quite brave indeed — there’s a reason Jim Kunstler titled his own chapter on property taxes in Home from Nowhere, “A Mercifully Brief Chapter On A Frightening, Tedious, But Important Subject”. The ending chapter looks to the future of infrastructure, but with the exception of cement mixtures that heal themselves (cracks open and expose bacteria to water, bacteria produce limestone), that’s really more about the future of cars than roads.   It’s all interesting, but the further along the reader gets the more miscellaneous  it all seems. The author obviously believes that interstates and bridges are a good thing and produce jobs, but the book itself isn’t an argument.  He doesn’t try to make any connections between infrastructure and economic growth; the jobs mentioned are always in building interstates.

I’d say this is for people who want to read a chapter about the history of interstates instead of a whole book. It’s right between the chapter on asphalt and the chapter on stop signs.

Related:
Fighting Traffic, Peter Norton;  Divided Highways, Tom Lewis

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Ad Astra Per Aspera

Posted on November 13, 2016 by smellincoffee

A reading from Carl Sagan’s Pale Blue Dot, set to utterly perfect music.

We were hunters and foragers — the frontier was everywhere. We were bounded only by the earth, and the ocean, and the sky. The open road still softly calls; our little terraqueous globe is the madhouse of those hundred thousand, millions of worlds. We, who cannot put even put our own planetary home in order, riven with rivalries and hatreds, are we to venture out into space? 

 By the time we’re able to settle even the nearest planetary systems, we will have changed., The simple passing of so many generations will have changed us. Necessity will have changed us. We’re… an adaptable species.  It will not be we who reach Alpha Centauri, or the other nearby stars —  it will be a species very like us, but with more of our strengths and fewer of our weaknesses. More confident, far-seeing, capable, and prudent. For all our failings, despite our limitations and fallibilities, we humans are capable of greatness.

What new wonders, undreamt of in our time, will we have wrought in another generation, and another? How far will our nomadic species have wandered by the end of the next century, and the next millennium? Our remote descendants, safely arrayed on many worlds in the solar system and beyond, will be unified — by their common heritage, by their regard for their home planet, and by the knowledge whatever life may be, the only humans in all the universe come from Earth.

They will gaze up and strain to find the Blue Dot in their sky. They will marvel at how vulnerable the repository of all our potential once was, how perilous our infancy, how humble our beginnings — how many rivers we had to cross before we found our way.

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I’m a Stranger Here Myself

Posted on November 12, 2016 by smellincoffee

I’m a Stranger Here Myself: Notes on Returning to America after Twenty Years Away
© 1999 Bill Bryson
288 pages

“It’s been a funny  old night, when you think of it. I mean to say, wife drowns, ship sinks, and there was no Montrachet ’07 at dinner.I had to settle for a very middling ’05.”

After living in Yorkshire for twenty years, Bill Bryson and his family decided to go for a change of scenery and moved to America. For him, it was a return, though not to his home.  To be sure, New Hampshire was much different from his native Iowa, but America itself had changed in the intermin, in ways both bewildering and delighting.  I’m a Stranger Here Myself collects various columns Bryson wrote about life in late-90s America, most of them funny.  Bryson is not the cranky old man of Road to Little Dribbling, but here only a late-middle age father who insists on inflicting his childhood memories on his children, only to discover that dumpy motels and drive-in movie theaters aren’t nearly as fun as they used to be. There are also a couple of satirical pieces — fake computer instructions, fake IRS directions, and a morbidly funny story from the last night of the Titanic. (Inspired, no doubt, by the move release.) A few of the pieces are personal in nature, merely Bryson making fun of himself for being an absent-minded fuddy-duddy who has a tendency to  mail his pipe tobacco instead of his letters and frequently needs to phone his wife to be reminded why exactly he’s in town.  Other times, he is more serious, as when he comments on the loss of local accents and the impending doom threatened by everyone driving everywhere instead of walking, like the English do. (The one time he tries walk across the street  in America, he is nearly run over.)   There’s also a chapter called ‘Our Town’, which mourns the loss of small-town America — which I was happily surprised by. I’ve been thinking about buying Bryson’s book about travels through small towns,but assumed Bryson would sneer at them for being provincial. Instead, he’s as sentimental about them as I am, so don’t be surprised to see The Lost Continent pop up here within the next few months or so.

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Armistice Day

Posted on November 11, 2016 by smellincoffee

The sun’s shining down on these green fields of France
The warm wind blows gently and the red poppies dance
The trenches have vanished long under the plow
No gas, no barbed wire, no guns firing now
But still in this graveyard that’s still No Man’s Land
The countless white crosses in mute witness stand
To man’s blind indifference to his fellow man
And a whole generation were butchered and damned

Did they beat the drums slowly, did they play the fife lowly?
Did they sound the death march as they lowered you down?
Did the band play “The Last Post” and chorus?
Did the pipes play “The Flowers of the Forest”?

And I can’t help but wonder now, Willy McBride
Do all those who lie here know why they died?
Did you really believe them when they told you the cause?
Did you really believe this war would end war? 
Well, the sufferin’, the sorrow, the glory, the shame,
The killin’, the dyin’, it was all done in vain —
Oh, Willie McBride, it all happened again
And again, and again, and again, and again.





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Don’t Get Above Your Raisin’

Posted on November 11, 2016 by smellincoffee

Don’t Get Above Your Raisin’: Country Music and the Southern Working Class
© 2002 Bill C. Malone
432 pages


Friend of mine named Steve Goodman wrote that song, and he told me that it was the perfect country-and-western song. I wrote him back and told him he had not written the perfect country and western song, ’cause he hadn’t said anything at all about Mama, or trains, or trucks, or prison, or gettin’ drunk.  (David Allen Coe, “You Never Even Call Me By My Name“)

Don’t get above your raisin’, stay down to Earth with me — Bill Malone never quotes the song that serves as the title of his book, a history of country music in its southern context…but its spirit is ever present. Using the lives of country’s most passionate and storied performers, Malone reflects on the tradition and finds it a lovable mess — alternatively humble and bragging, pious and rowdy.  Malone’s deep familiarity with the tradition, and his love for it, are obvious. He doesn’t simply treat readers to a barrage of chronology, but rather examines how certain aspects of the genre have evolved throughout  the last two centuries, so tumultuous to the South.

Country is as the name implies a tradition of music created and sustained by rural populations — farmers first, and now people who live and play in the backwoods.  Its beginnings mix traditional romantic ballads, dances, and religious music.  Religious music is an especially strong influence on country, the stuff of lullabies and tent revivals that created generation after generation of musicians and singers.  In religiosity, the South remains stridently Protestant, but there’s no puritanism to be found in country music. Inst ed, piety and partying mix together freely —  with no better witness than Hank Williams, who penned “I Saw the Light” and died an early death, plagued by depression and substance abuse.  The tangled, wonderful messiness of country  envelops more than religion. Country songs simultaneously embrace Mama’s hearth and home, while celebrating rambling men and the freedom of the open road. Politics, too, finds contradictions — zealous law-and-order mixed with praise of rowdy outlaws who give the Man what-for.  Not for nothing are truckers and cowboys, the ramblers who come home eventually, so popular — as are repentant sinners who will invariably go chasing cigareetes, whuskey, and wild, wild women.  Additionally, Malone delves into the connections between country and its daughters, bluegrass and political folk, as well as the changing country-dance scene.  There’s also a good chapter on country’s connection with comedy in general, focusing on the Grand Ol Opry and Hee Haw, mentioning people like Andy Griffith and Jerry Clower.

Malone’s piece is a labor of love, though with most others his age he despairs of the way country music headed in the 1990s, with more synthesizers and less fiddles.  That trend has certainly continued,  Taylor Swift’s seamless transition into pop being an obvious example.  There are many traditionalists in the ranks, though.  Travis Tritt is quoted as sneering at Billy Ray Cyrus, who dressed in a body shirt  and ‘turning country music into an ass-wiggling contest’.   Considering the posterior antics of Cyrus’ daughter Miley, who does more than wiggling,  I suppose apples still don’t fall very far from trees.  Still, Malone looks for the best even in then contemporary music, and concedes that every genre is in constant motion.

Don’t Get Above Your Raisin’ surprised me. I knew it would be a history of country music, but — even as someone who grew up with country, who loves and collects the older artists — Malone shared artists and stories I’d never heard of. Who knew that square dancing was borrowed from French aristocrats?  If you have any interest in country music at all, this book is worth picking up just for the discography in the back,  where Malone lists all of the albums and songs he’s been referencing throughout the text. I’ve been able to find a lot of older artists via youtube’s “also reccommended” feature, but this kind of shortcut is welcome!

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Love > Despair

Posted on November 8, 2016 by smellincoffee

Since 2007 I have found Playing for Change — an organization that brings people from around the world together to make music together, their different instruments and instruments blending together beautifully — a glorious beacon of joy,  hope, and goodness. So, I’d like to use them to deliver a  broadside against the sheer meanness of today and the year that has led to it.

“About ten years ago my town suffered a terrible terrorist atrocity. There has been a divide in our country which has unsettled the nation for such a long time…and I decided soon after this atrocity that I would try and bring people closer together. “

Love, rescue me.
Come forth and speak to me.
Raise me up, and don’t
let me fall…

No man is my enemy
My own hands imprison me.
I say — “Love, rescue me.”

The group singing above was organized in response to an explosion in Northern Ireland which killed over thirty people, two of them unborn babies, and wounded hundreds more.

A few more songs of defiant joy and love abundant:

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Divided Highways

Posted on November 7, 2016 by smellincoffee

Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life
©  Tom Lewis 2007, 2013
416 pages

No engineering project in the United States is more impressive than the interstate system; dense with the connections of a street grid, it serves not blocks but an entire continent.  In Divided Highways,  Tom Lewis tells the story of that system’s creation, inside a broader history of how motoring in general transformed American life.  Lewis principally concerns himself with the political rise of the highways, and the problems that followed once the ideal became a reality and people realized that reality comes with smells, noises, shadows, and bills.  Lewis connects the drama of the highways with ever-changing American society as a whole. though, integrating their story in which whatever else was happening (the oil crises of the 1970s, for instance) and commenting on the morphing nature of urbanism as downtowns bled out into the broad puddles of edge cities.  Though Lewis is enamored of the interstate, motoring, and the American dedication to constant motion, he doesn’t shy away from giving critics a voice.

The story of the highways begins with the automobile, of course, since before then road building wasn’t a priority: given the distances involved. water transportation dominated until the train made overland transit more competitive. The rising popularity of automobiles and bicycles — an individualistic alternative to crowded trolleys and trains controlled by some of the more powerful corporations of the day– led to a demand for places to  use them, and no road is worth much if it doesn’t connect you to other  roads going other places. Enter Thomas Harris MacDonald,  an intensely thorough, dedicated,  and prudent fellow who would dominate the Bureau of Public Roads from the Wilson administration to that of Eisenhower’s. MacDonald’s prudence was such that he only built roads when they were deemed immediately necessary — much different from today’s build-it-and-they-will-come-and-pay-taxes attitude.  Although not aggressive,  his thoroughness did produce sketches of what a national highway system might look like, and how it might be ordered. Such a system was well underway when he died in retirement, his own fledging highways being supplanted by the limited access freeways that now create a massive asphalt circulatory system for the nation.

Building interstates involved a bit of juggling of responsibility between the state governments and D.C, and this became particularly thorny in regards to cities. The interstate system didn’t just connect cities; from the beginning, many cut through cities themselves, becoming a kind of rapid transit system. When President Eisenhower became entangled in freeway construction enroute to Camp David, he made a few terse inquiries as to who was responsible for plowing this great road into the city, whereupon some Nathan-like figure informed him…Mr. President, thou art the man.  (Apparently, the interstate bill he signed was one of the ‘we have to pass it to see what’s in it’ variety….) Running interstates through cities proved the source of most of the system’s political problems, as the city spans became quickly congested, occupied large swathes of formerly tax-paying real estate, and functioned as a massive wall running through the cheapest real estate that could be found…that of the poor, who became poorer still when industry began following the interstate out of the city.  In New Orleans, the destruction of the French Quarter’s charm by an interstate was narrowly avoided by citizen protests, and in our own time other cities (San Francisco, for instance) have gone to the mattresses to get rid of view-obstructing spurs.

As mentioned, Lewis also comments on the ongoing transformation of American society, the rise of franchise chain stores and the like. This was done with far more detail in Asphalt Nation, but presumably he wanted to write on something more than the exciting world of transportation finance. The connections made to broader US history — the anti-interstate reaction concurring with the civil rights movement and youth rebellion —  not only make the history more ‘personable’, but provide welcome  context.  The subtitle of ‘transforming American society’ isn’t a big component of the book, though, and he doesn’t mention  influences of the freeway on other transportation infrastructure in general, like the worrisome tendency of larger roads to mimic interstates even though it’s dangerous to encourage higher speeds in areas with pedestrians, buildings, and cross traffic.

Useful as a history of how the interstates happened, Divided Highways  deserves praise for hailing the interstate system  while simultaneously delivering the stories of people disrupted by it and rebelling against it.

“We could do anything, then, and do it to excess; our Interstates boldly proclaimed the triumph of engineering. Like our cars, whose fins could not be too high, they made a statement with adolescent vigor. We thought little of the Interstate’s ability to rend the landscape, to divide communities, and to alienate citizens. The roads were a concrete snapshot of ourselves when we believed nothing was beyond our reach.”

Related:

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Hidden Order

Posted on November 5, 2016 by smellincoffee

Hidden Order
© 2013 Brad Thor
383 pages

The five people on the short list to succeed to the chair of the Federal Reserve have just disappeared, and Scott Harvath — former Navy SEAL,  now private security action hero — is hired to find out why.  When the five begin appearing as the victim-players in dramatic executions making homage to Boston’s revolutionary history,  only Harvath, a saucy Portuguese lady-cop, their smartphones, and their Berettas stand between the world economy and total disruption!   As with The Last Patriot, Hidden Order  combines fun-with-trivia history with action heroics, though it’s not as silly as that National Treasure-esque book.  I read it because I happened to hear the author being interviewed, and he quoted Star Trek.

 Here, Brad Thor takes on the considerable task of making a thriller out of the deceitfully-named Federal Reserve, which protects itself from public awareness  by making every discussion of it glaze eyes and put listeners to sleep. Thor avoids the word monetary altogether and focuses entirely on the conspiratorial aspects of the Fed, chiefly the interesting manner in which it was arranged: a band of New York bankers retreating to a small island off of Georgia under the guise of hunting, then planning a national bank  with  control over the nation’s money. The ‘fed’  remains a private entity with control over public finance.  Thor lays it on a bit thick, with Harvath’s chief source  for this living in a fortified warehouse after a long history with the CIA and secret programs. (This is one of the few instances that gumshoe work is actually present. Harvath and Lara Cordero, the cop,  do most of their  research on their phones. Deus ex telemachina!)  One of the more interesting aspects of the novel is the repeated use of Revolutionary-era landmarks and symbols. I  also generally enjoy the sarcastic banter between Harvath and others, though the b-plot regarding a plot to topple the Jordanian government didn’t too much interest me. The action hero there was a CIA operative with the last name of Ryan, which sometimes made my brain twitch because I kept thinking of Jack Ryan. Ultimately the two plots prove to be part of a larger conspiracy, connecting in an explosion in downtown Boston.

Hidden Order is light fun with an ending air of wish fulfillment. I wouldn’t rely on it for too many facts — Thor refers to the Boston massacre as soldiers shooting ‘innocent civilians’, as though the men standing guard that day started shooting people to break the monotony of standing there. They weren’t surrounded by an armed mob pelting them with rocks and snow, no sir.. Presumably the Jekyll island conspiracy has a similarly impassioned twist to it.

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